Freud psychology paper-1.in Psychology. Discuss their life, work in Essay

Freud psychology paper-1.in Psychology. Discuss their life, work in psychology and theories - Essay Example His mother, Amalia Nathansohn Freud â€Å"...was an intelligent descendant of a famous Talmudic scholar... [in] Poland...† while his father, Jacob Freud, worked in a small weaving mill which he owned and managed (Puner, 1992, p. 2). His mother was 20 years younger than his father; whereas, Jacob was a widower who had 2 wives before Amalia; two sons, named Emanuel and Philipp; and two grand kids--John and Pauline, children of Emanuel. Freud was very close to his mother; she called him her â€Å"...golden Sigi† (Storr, 2001, p. 1). She indulged him in his demands, and attended to his every need. His father, on the other hand, was stern and strict; and castigated him whenever he can. Jacob Freud was Sigmund’s symbol of authority from his childhood years and all throughout his adult years. Despite Sigmund’s warring relationship with his father, he also considered him his playmate. They took walks in the foothills of the Carpathian Mountains, while sharing stor ies and thoughts along the way (Puner, 1992). In 1859, driven by financial hardship and the iron-fisted politics of the royal Habsburg Family, Jacob and Amalia Freud, together with Sigmund, and younger daughter Anna, migrated to Vienna; while his half-brothers, Philipp and Emanuel, together with Emanuel’s family, took a different route and ventured to England where they eventually became successful in the textile business (Reef, 2001). The Freuds lived in a little apartment in a Jewish neighborhood, in the Glockengasse section of Vienna. Their family grew rapidly, adding four girls: Rosa, Marie, Adolfine, and Pauline; and a boy, Alexander, to the brood (Reef, 2001). Life was not easy for them but their predicament did not trample their father’s spirit. Sigmund often described him as an optimist who was â€Å"always expecting [for] something to turn up† (Reef, 2001, p. 15). Jacob Freud always emphasized the value of education. He taught Sigmund as soon as he was able to understand; and enrolled him in school when he reached the right age (Reef, 2001). Sigmund always enjoyed learning; he had an unquenchable thirst for knowledge and because of his passion for education, he quickly adapted to this new challenge, and became one of the topnotch students in his class (Reef, 2001). His diligence, as well as his mother’s undying support, awarded Sigmund certain comforts that not all of his family enjoy--his own cabinet, his own room, and an oil lamp. He spent his free time reading books, jotting down details of his dream, and observing happenings on the street (Reef, 2001). He chose to eat in his room to be closer to his books; and befriended other kids, one of which was Eduard Silberstein, whose thirst for knowledge matched his (Puner, 1992). His other siblings grew up in his shadow and were on-lookers as he won prices and excelled in school (Reef, 2001). Some members of his family, his sister Anna for instance, gave up her dreams to make w ay for Sigmund’s studies. His family obeyed his wishes, and supported him in his endeavors. Despite his unrelenting demands, he had a kind heart and enjoyed the simplicity of his life; did not yearn for material possessions (Puner, 1992). In 1873, at 17 years old, he graduated from the Gymnasium and decided to pursue a medical degree at the University of Vienna. But before he decided this course, he intended to study law, and dreamt of becoming a high ranking official in the government. He was influenced, at that time, by a poet who professed that he

Organisation Behaviour Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Organisation Behaviour - Case Study Example The disadvantages would be that collective forward progress is slower and lack of personal creativity due to compliance to common ideals. General Electric (GE) is one of the well-known corporations of the world. It is an enormously diversified company with its products ranging from telecommunication fibre optics to large Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) machines capable of projecting 3-D images of the human brain. It makes immense aircraft engines to and advices public to reduce their energy bills. Its ability to innovate and maintain impeccable quality has helped GE to remain a market leader and function as a successful organisation. Bureaucracy has been exhaustively discussed in organisational concepts. Ideally bureaucracy is symbolised by authority relations, recruitment by competence, and fixed salaries. Max Weber described it as technically superior to all other forms of organization and hence indispensable to large, complex enterprises. Weber's Principles of Bureaucracy proclaims the following of the principles of Divide labour into specialized expertise areas throughout the organization, Pyramid position defined by a hierarchy of authority and an explicit chain of command, Formal rules governing decisions and actions of everyone that allows continuity in event of personnel changes, Be detached with employees so that sentiments do not distort objective judgment and Select workers by their technical utility to rule out friendship or favouritism is ruled out, and advancement is by seniority and achievement. Rigid documentation is followed to keep tabs on progress and evaluate. However, bureaucratic organisations seem to stifle worker creativity since omni-present rules and regulations create no room for innovation and improvisation by the workers. The inability take quick decisions due to lack of authority also results in reduced productivity. This downside of bureaucracy especially in large organisations has made it questionable as to its rationality and efficiency. Its principles have also attached a connotation of disapproval to the terms bureaucratic and bureaucracy due to its incompetence and a lack of broad-mindedness. However, although it sounds improbable considering its successful image and culture today, GE was a struggling bureaucratic organisation in the 1990's. Too many layers and no decision-making capabilities characterized it. The organisation lagged behind in making timely strategic decisions. This success is attributed to what was essentially a single managerial decision made by Welch back in the mid-90's. Jack Welch joined the General Electric Company (GE) in 1960. Welch started work as an engineer in the plastics division. However although his immediate work environment was fast paced and exciting, he felt smothered by the bloated bureaucracy of the company. He could not function to his full ingenious limits, had to wait for management decisions on the smallest of tasks. He felt under valued, and was highly dissatisfied with the standard bonus he received. He found another job and almost quit but was persuaded to stay on by Reuben Gutoff, who saw his immense potential. Although he stayed on, Welch had not changed his mind about GE's administration, which he saw as unresponsive at best and debilitating at worst. Welch carried this experience in heart and his tenure at GE was the struggle

Iterative And Incremental Development Of Software Models

Iterative And Incremental Development Of Software Models Software process model consists of 2 categories generic and iterative. Generic method consists of 3 main methods which are waterfall, evolutionary and component based software engineering (CBSE). Moreover, iterative consist of 2 main method which are incremental delivery and spiral delivery. Then emphasis of the report will be on Iterative and Incremental method [1] The Iterative and Incremental method, was introduced by Mr. Harlen Mills In 1970s .The method was further extended by Mr. Vic Basili by adding the incremental concept.[2] By definition iterative means develop a system through repeated cycles furthermore incremental means in smaller portions at a time. [3] The fundamental idea of iterative and incremental method is to break the software development process into the several parts over specific length of time. It repeats the process by adding more function to the software until the software is complete for usage. Iterative and Incremental Methodology. Figure 1: Iterative and Incremental development Figure 1 [3] show the process of Iterative and Incremental methodology. Each iterative step consists of requirement, design, repetitive modular implementation, test and integration and final integration system test. After each iteration, more functions will be added and the same iterative cycle is repeated again. The system grows in term of capabilities and complexity. Finally, the finished system integration and testing are performed before it is deployed. The requirement process can be defined as à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¹Ã…“the process of analyzing the constraints under which it operates and is developed. The objectives are to identify the activities and techniques that will be used. During the requirement process, a feasibility study needs to be performed in order to evaluate the pros and cons of the project. It also involves risk assessment of the project. After that, customerà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s requirements need to be established via discussions, interview and etc. Next, the specification which contains the functional constraints, non functional constraints, user conditions and system requirement are written out. In addition, the specifications are reviewed so that it will be error free. Lastly, the project management activities are set out to identify, track and control the progress of the project. Figure 2: Iterative development. Figure 2 [2] shows another example of Iterative development. Author perceive the iteration and incremental method in different view. He divides the process into 4 phases which are inception, elaboration, construction, and transition. During the inception phases the project, scope, risk and requirement are identified. Moreover, the working architecture is defined during elaboration phases. From the analysis, design, implementation and testing of the functional requirement, the architecture is being improve incrementally during the construction phases. Lastly, the system is implemented into the production operating environment in transition phase [2] Although both author view the process differently, most the process and method are overlapping similar. The design process can be defined as process for identifying the sub-systems making up a system and the framework for sub-system control and communication [7]. The design processes consist of two models which is structural model and control model. Structure model consist of 3 models such as Repository, Client-server, Layered. While, there are 2 controls model which are centralized and Event-based. Different model need to be used in different applications, specifications and requirements. Therefore, evaluation of design model that will be used need to be done carefully in order to meet customerà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s requirement. The implementation, testing and Integration steps are recurring process. The programs that are developing in design process are implemented. However, it needs to be validated using testing. They are 2 type of testing program which is component testing and system testing. Each of the program components is tested in modular separately during component testing. On the other hand, system testing is performed by integrating the multiple components or subsystem into a system. However, system testing will be affected by the request and error mistake in component testing. After integration and incremental processes, all of the components are performing to the specification and error free, thus, can be integrated into a complete system and ready to be delivered to the customers. [9] Advantages and Disadvantages of Iterative Incremental Development Advantages Suitable for a large project but have limited financial resources. It is because, the maintenance will be undertaken to improve the errors are not known at the beginning of the cycle.[6] Repetition of the phases can be built so that the system really meet the needs of users Establish a good relationship between users and developers. project team will always communicate with users to obtain information to meet the needs of users, [5] Reduce the risk of delay due to the important work done first. Produce software that can be easily used by consumers [9] Disadvantage High maintenance costs Difficult, it is because developers have to plan in advance the desired results. In addition, the developer must ensure that the work was completed in time to avoid delays and increased costs Differences between Iterative Incremental and Agile Scope Agile Iterative Incremental Focus focus on the simple process that allows for quick changes during the development cycle focus on a limited project Time 3 to 4 weeks time taken to complete a project based on the requirements and specifications that determined by customer Discussion and Conclusion Methodology a combination of paradigms, methods, policies, procedures, Regulations, standards, techniques, tools, programming language and the other methodology used for analyzing system requirements and design. Iterative and incremental methodology is a process model developed to overcome the Weakness faced by the waterfall methodology. It is divided into several processes that requirement, design, implementation integration test and final. This development process starts with the requirement phase and ends with the planning process. This process is repeated several times to produce products that meet the specifications required by the user. In addition, the model can be used for projects that are changing where it will reduce the risk of error and remove the incorrect input. This process resulted in the additional software that is easy to understand and made modifications.

Ebonics is Not a Seperate Language but Improper Form of English Essay

The United States is filled with many different ethnicities, cultures, customs, languages, etc. Supposedly, our public schools are equipped with classes, teachers, curriculums and materials in order to educate that part of the student population whose first language is something other than the English language. Bilingual classes, transitional classes, ESL classes are just a few of the programs that have been developed to instruct non-English speaking students in order for them to acquire the English language. However, there has been a "language" use among African American students; "language" that has not been examined closely nor acknowledged until recently. Ebonics is classified as "Black English" or "Black sounds", or "Pan African Communication Behavior" or "African Language systems" which originates from the West African languages such as Ibo, Yoruba, and Hausa (Amended Resolution of the Board of Education, 1997. P. 1)." During the times of slavery, ebonics was also spoken as Gullah, which is a combination of West African languages, and English. Ebonics is a term coined by psychologist Robert Williams, resulting from the combination of two words, "ebony" and "phonics" in order to describe its dialect (The Daily O'Collegian Editorial Board. 1997. P. 1). The controversy behind ebonics is whether or not it is actually a language or and should it be instructed as a foreign language. Language is defined as a "system of words formed from such combinations and patterns, used by the people of a particular country or by a group of people with a shared history or set of traditions (Microsoft Bookshelf. 1996-1997 edition)." Ebonics is a form of communication of feelings, thoughts, opinions and ideas at is being used by ou... ...ensnewspapers.com/199//08109//0810.ebonics.htlm Miloy, Courtland. 1997. Nothing Funny About Ebonics. Internet Address: http://www.engnsnurst.org/ebonpro.htlm Oubrï‚ ¾, Alondra. 1997. Internet Address: http://www.aaw.com/toc.htlm Sanchez, Rene. Ebonics: A Way to Close the Learning Gap?; Schools Have Been Experimenting for Years with Using Black English as a 'Bridge" to Better Skills. New York Tines: January 6, 1997. Wasserman, Tracey. 1997. Language Shortcuts Do Not Benefit Students. Internet Address: http://www.magn-ground.com/news/school-papers/laduepanorama.htlm Woodall, Bert. 1997. Training for Failure. Internet Address: http://www.puoncbews.com/issues/759/editorial.com Zeis, Robert. 1997. Ebonics is a silly concept; they ain't got no sense: It's jive. http://www.dany.fastate.edu/voulumes/Spring9//Jan-23//op2.htlm

High school statistics as a basis for increased beginner learning Essay

Although not the primary focus of this study, it is important to understand the future of elementary students by looking into current graduates predicaments. Over the last twenty years, there have been dramatic increases in high school promotion; as well as, in graduation requirements. Most recently, states and districts, such as Mississippi, have begun implementing graduation and end-of-course exams (Committee for Economic Development, 2000). Some critics have noted that the rise in standards and high-stakes tests will be unfair to students who have attended poorly resourced schools (Achieve, 2000). However, this problem has been met by offering extra help and supportive services to the students of the disadvantaged schools (2001). One of the most common support methods has been to offer disadvantaged students more time; such as summer school, adding an extra year to their high school education and transition programs to ensure students can fulfill high school requirements (2001). Little progress has been made in developing a better curriculum and instructional support to aid in the acceleration of learning for disadvantaged high school (Balfanz, et al. , 2002). Some high schools have implemented a whole school reform by creating catch-up courses and district wide special prep courses (2002). These reforms have not been thoroughly evaluated because their infancy; using small, formative studies, thus little is known about the feasibility and rapidity of student acceleration in disadvantaged high schools. This study aims at taking the first step to in understanding the elementary school learning needs and providing appropriate teaching techniques for each schools situation; by reporting on the initial results and impacts of the Talent Development High Schools (TDHS) ninth grade instructional program in reading and mathematics. The study involves several cities and multiple high-poverty, non-selective high schools within each city. Academic Models of Recognition Piney Woods School in Piney Woods, Mississippi has programs that should be viewed as national models. Although a private school, its strategies for success are practical and successful. The predominantly African American school is known for changing the lives of low-income students by having them â€Å"complete a rigid diet of reading, writing, math, science and foreign language† (Wooster, et al. 2001). While requiring students work ten hours a week in order to teach them responsibility, Piney Woods School gives students a sense of unity and tough love. The programs implemented are; Writing Across the Curriculum, which trains freshman and sophomores’ in basic composition skills; Always Reaching Upward, a peer tutoring program which pairs under achievers with high achievers and Save the Males, a tutoring, mentoring and special male focused groups that facilitate responsibility and self confidence. The results are phenomenal with a ninety five percentage rate of students going on to college after graduation and the other five percent going into military services. Analysis of existing achievement data in high-poverty high schools provides two conclusions. First, students who attend high-poverty high schools are typically performing below national norms and are dramatically short of the performance benchmarks employed to measure academic success. An analysis conducted by Education Week (1998) indicates, for example, that students entering high school in the majority of large cities are often found to be two or more years below grade level (Quality Counts ’98, 1998). In Philadelphia, for instance, seventeen percent of high school students attend one of twenty-two non-selective neighborhood schools (Neild & Balfanz, 2001); and approximately half of these students are reading below the fifth or sixth grade level. A quarter of these students are reading at the seventh or eighth grade level. Approximately one in four students attending a nonselective high school in Philadelphia read at grade level. In eight of the non-selective neighborhood schools in Philadelphia, a little over two thirds of first-time ninth graders are performing below the seventh grade level in both reading and mathematics (Neild & Balfanz, 2001). One important conclusion that can be drawn from this data is that in many non-selective urban schools students need accelerated learning opportunities. A second conclusion is that the current level of academic performance in disadvantaged high schools can lead to multiple negative consequences for students and society. It is too early to accurately gauge the impact of the high-stakes; standards based graduation tests and dropout rates of students entering high school with weak academic skills (Bishop & Mane, 2000; Hauser, 2001). Existing data from metropolitan cities such as Chicago (Roderick & Camburn, 1999) and Philadelphia, however, demonstrates a link between poor academic preparation and course failure; as well as the retention of many high-poverty students. Course failure and retention in the ninth grade has caused a high amount of high school drop outs. Forty-three percent of first-time freshmen in Philadelphia entering ninth grade with below seventh grade math and reading skills were not promoted to the tenth grade (Neild & Balfanz, 2001); in comparison to the eighteen percent of students entering ninth grade with math and reading skills above the seventh grade level. Student skills below grade level requirements result in retention, poor attendance, and course failure. First-time freshmen who were not promoted to the tenth grade had a dropout rate of nearly sixty percent when compared to a twelve percent drop out rate for students who were promoted (Neild, Stoner-Eby, & Furstenberg, 2001). The individual and social consequences of dropping out of high school are considerable. The Committee for Economic Development (2000) has documented the economic returns to advanced education. Non-promotion has become the norm in approximately two hundred-fifty to three hundred high schools, in thirty-five major cities in the United States (Balfanz & Legters, 2001). Sixty percent of the population in these public high schools is African American and Latino students in (2001). The United States Department of Education expresses the importance of raising graduation requirements and standards; therefore it is essential to the success of future high school students, that a means of improving reading proficiency is achieved.

Nursing Managment Essay

Article Review of â€Å"A Handoff Report Card for General Nursing Orientation This article examines the strengths and weakness of the orientation process of new grads or new nurses to a unit or hospital. By the use of a 100 point score report card containing a summary of the nurses skills, knowledge, and also use of the Benner which measure clinical performance and critical thinking. The article addresses the use of a report card to better communicate the strengths and weakness of the orientees’. This report card is handed off to the next person in whom the new nurses will orient. The handoff is designed to create continuity and accuracy. An example of the type of data that would be measured by the handoff report includes items such as the nurses’ experiences and documentation of strengths and areas that need to be developed or improved. The report card is based on 3 assessments 1. The orientees own self-assessment 2. The instructor’s assessment 3. Competition of competencies From the first day on the unit, the nurse identifies his/her learning type using Benner’s Theory. This provides the nurse with a baseline of where their own individual level of development has reached, as well as, the preceptor, manager, or instructor. Secondly, the instructor assessment measures the orientees’ knowledge and performance. This report card is divided into 4 areas of measurement. The types of areas of measurement are areas such as: nursing interventions, documentation, critical thinking, nursing behaviors, clinical judgment, and several other areas. The last area of measurement is the nurses’ skill level. Several types of competencies were set up to determine if the nurse was competent to function on the unit. In conclusion, the report card was discussed with the leadership team, so that the orientation is more focused on the needs of the oreintee, based on the unit in which the orientee is being trained to work. As I was reading this article, it re minded me of an article that we had read at work. In the American Journal of Critical Care 2009, there was a research study completed to determine the best way to evaluate the new grads, new nurses, and it also evaluated the current nursing staff. In the study, most of the data that was returned was from the new grads. The suspected reasoning was the enthusiasm of the new grads. But the overall outcome, was positive, but mostly helped the management team to better evaluate the competency of their nurses. Currently, in the unit I work in we are challenged with determining the strengths and weakness of our newly hired nurses. Some of the nurses stated that they came to our unit with experience from different venues; however, their level of care has left us with many voids. I personally, enjoyed both articles and the effort of increasing critical thinking and professional behaviors on the clinical floor. Remember we all one day may be patients. Hargraves, L., Nichols, A., Shanks, S., & Halamak, L. (2010). A Handoff Report Card for General Nursing Orientation. The Journal of Nursing Administration, 40(10), 424-431. Kleinpell, R. (2009). Evidenced Based Review Discussion Points. American Journal of Critical care, 18(3), 261-262.